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Article History

Accepted: 25 May 2025

First Online: 20 June 2025

Declarations

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: This work was supported by grants from the Nanomedicines Innovation Network (NMIN), which also funded the development of a range of novel diagnostic technologies. The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: Toluwase Akinsoji, Nick Dragojlovic, Cécile Darviot, Michel Meunier, Mark Harrison, and Larry D. Lynd have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: No ethics approval was necessary as the research did not involve humans and/or animals.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by TA and ND. The first draft of the manuscript was written by TA and ND and all authors commented on subsequent versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All data for this research were obtained from the existing published literature and are fully described in the supplementary materials.