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Article History

Accepted: 27 July 2025

First Online: 19 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The project was funded by Euroqol Research Foundation Grant 1404-RA. The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Euroqol Research Foundation.

: Tianxin Pan, Juan Manuel Ramos-Goni, Brendan Mulhern, Zhihao Yang, Richard Norman, Nancy Devlin, and Feng Xie are members of the EuroQol Group.

: This study has been reviewed and approved by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board in Canada (Project no. 15051).

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were informed about their freedom of refusal. Anonymity and confidentiality were maintained throughout the research process.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Concept and design: BM, ND, RN, and FX. Acquisition of data: all authors. Analysis and interpretation of data: SX, TP, JR-G, and FX. Drafting of the manuscript: SX and FX. Critical revision of the paper for important intellectual content: all authors. Obtaining funding: all authors. Administrative, technical, or logistic support: TP and JR-G. Supervision: ND and FX. All authors certify that they meet the ICMJE criteria for authorship.