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Article History

Received: 28 March 2025

Accepted: 18 August 2025

First Online: 12 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This research was supported by funding from the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology (Grant MOST 112-2628-B-006-008-MY3, recipient: Huang-Tz Ou; grant MOST 111-2636-B-002-019, recipient: Chi-Chuan Wang). The sponsor had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: Huang-Tz Ou is an Editorial Board Member of PharmacoEconomics. She was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor in any of the subsequent editorial decisions. All authors have no competing interests to declare.

: Ou HT and Chong KS have full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Concept and design: all authors. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: all authors. Drafting of the manuscript: Chong KS. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: all authors. Statistical analysis: Chong KS. Administrative, technical, or material support: Ou HT, Wang CC. Supervision: Yang CT, Ou HT, Kuo S.

: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of National Cheng Kung University Hospital (NCKUH, A-ER-108097) and National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH, 201808029RSA).

: Not applicable

: Not applicable

: The data are not publicly available due to data privacy restrictions and only available upon request to the authors.