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Article History

Received: 11 April 2025

Accepted: 17 September 2025

First Online: 6 October 2025

Declarations

:

: All authors received grants from the EuroQol Research Foundation during the conduct of the study. Koonal Shah, Nancy Devlin, and David Mott are members of the EuroQol Group Association. The views expressed in this paper do not reflect those of the EuroQol Group. David Mott is an employee of the Office of Health Economics (OHE), a registered charity, and an Independent Research Organisation, which receives funding from a variety of private and public sector sources. Jake Hitch and Gayathri Kumar were employees of OHE during the conduct of the study. Koonal Shah is employed by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); the views expressed in this paper do not reflect those of NICE. Nancy Devlin and Paul Schneider have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. The analysis was performed by JH and DM. The first draft of the manuscript was written by JH, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

: Ethical approval was sought and received from the City, University of London (now City St George’s, University of London) School of Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee (ETH2223-1011). All participants provided informed consent before participating in the study.

: The study materials are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.