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Authors
Fawsitt, Christopher G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4526-3659
Thom, Howard https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8576-5552
Aceituno, David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2967-5816
Jarde, Alexander https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2951-9741
Larsen, Sara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3887-4948
Lübker, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-801X
Kayongo, Edward https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1372-0678
Keeney, Edna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4763-8891
Foos, Volker
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Article History
Received: 6 July 2025
Accepted: 8 October 2025
First Online: 6 November 2025
Declarations
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: Christopher Lübker and Sara Larsen are employees and shareholders of Novo Nordisk A/S. Howard Thom owns shares in the consulting company Clifton Insight, and Alexander Jarde, David Aceituno, Edward Kayongo, Edna Keeney and Christopher G. Fawsitt are employees of Clifton Insight, which has received fees from Amicus, Baxter, Bayer, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Lundbeck, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Roche and UCB. Volker Foos has received consulting fees from Novo Nordisk A/S but not for his participation in this study.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: All authors contributed to the drafting and editing of the manuscript. CL, SL, VF and HT, conceptualised the methods for validation. CGF, HT, CL, SL, EK and VF contributed to the validation exercises. All authors contributed to the systematic review. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
