Document is current

Article History

Received: 1 August 2025

Accepted: 10 November 2025

First Online: 29 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Research ideas for the grant application were informed by our PSRC PPIE group. RAE, DA, AA and AC developed the review research idea. LP, SA and RC ran the systematic searches, managed references and developed the flow chart, under the supervision of RAE. LP, SA and RC contributed to data extraction, and AM provided external cross-checking of data extraction. LP, SA and RC extracted and cleaned data, led analyses, involvement and wrote the first draft. RAE, DA, AA, AC and AM contributed to discussions over inclusion/exclusion, quality, content, methodological evaluation and writing. All authors contributed towards interpretation, conclusions, implications and writing.

: Our patient colleague AC was involved throughout the research process and is a co-author. AC contributed to the development of the research questions for this review, reviewed results and contributed to interpretations, conclusions and implications. AC co-wrote the Plain Language Summary. There is patient and public involvement in our dissemination plan, which includes communicating key findings to relevant patient groups, carers and health services.

: All authors are partly funded by the NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Research Collaboration (GM PSRC), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. The authors declare that they have no other conflicts of interest.

: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: The authors confirm that all data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.