Document is current

Article History

Received: 6 June 2025

Accepted: 9 December 2025

First Online: 19 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Martin Bøg, Anders Bo Bojesen, Milana Ivkovic, Christopher Lübker and Peter E. Weeke are employees of Novo Nordisk. Nia C. Jenkins and Thomas Padgett are employees of Health Economics and Outcomes Research Ltd. Health Economics and Outcomes Research Ltd. received fees from Novo Nordisk in relation to this study. Scott Emerson has received consulting honoraria from Amylyx, AstraZeneca, Avillion, Ayala, Bayer, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, 89 Bio, BioAge, BioAtla, Bristol Meyer Squibb, BridgeBio, Daiichi Sankyo, Denovo, Fore Therapeutics, GlaxoSmithKline, Inovio, Insmed, Ipsen, Karuna, Lilly, Lundbeck, Mirati, Moderna, Novartis, Novavax, Novo Nordisk, NSABP, Pfizer, Principia, Reata, Rebiotx, Roche, Sanofi, SOLVD, Sutro Biopharma and TG Therapeutics. Muhammad Mamdani has received grant funding from Roche, honoraria for speaking engagements and one-time advisory boards from Takeda and Baxter, and is an advisor to Signal 1 and Mutual Health. A. Michael Lincoff has received research grants paid to his institution from AbbVie Inc., AstraZeneca, CSL Behring, Eli Lilly and Company, Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. and Novartis and has served as a consultant for Akebia Therapeutics Inc., Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ardelyx, Canary Cure, Eli Lilly and Company, FibroGen, GlaxoSmithKline, Intarcia, Medtronic Vascular, Inc., Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novo Nordisk, Provention Bio, Entity and ReCor Medica. Luc Van Gaal is a member of the speakers bureau and/or advisory board for Bayer Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Currax Pharma, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eli Lilly & Co., Nestlé Health Science, Novo Nordisk and Regeneron Pharma.

: The CPRD Independent Scientific Advisory Committee for Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency database research granted ethics approval (protocol number 22_002360).

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: Not applicable.

: MB, ABB and MI conceptualised and designed the study. NJ and TP were responsible for the data analysis. All authors contributed to interpretation of the results, review of the manuscript and approval of the final manuscript for publication.