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Authors
Leiria, Gonçalo
McQueen, R. Brett
Jackson, Conner
Rewers, Marian
Hagopian, William A.
Oram, Richard A.
Fieldsend, Jonathan E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-2583
Ferrat, Lauric A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
JDRF (2-SRA-2022-1261-S-B)
Breakthrough T1D (2-SRA-2024-1620-S-B)
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Article History
Received: 28 May 2025
Accepted: 14 December 2025
First Online: 9 February 2026
Declarations
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: RBM has received consulting fees from Sanofi, Stage Analytics, Genentech, Merck and the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review. RAO has received consulting fees from Janssen R&D and previously held a UK MRC Confidence in Concept grant to develop a 10 SNP type 1 diabetes GRS bio-chip with Randox R&D, and research funding from Randox R&D. WH has received consulting fees from Sanofi US. MR has served as a consultant for Sanofi, Janssen and Provention Bio; MR has received payments from Medscape and France Foundation for an online educational vent and lecture, respectively.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: TEDDY clinical metadata and GRS genotyping data analysed for this study are available in the NIDDK Central Repository at , in accordance with the NIDDK’s controlled-access authorisation process. Access of TrialNet data can be found at .
: Not applicable.
: Code is available at .
: Code was developed by GL (micro-simulation framework, optimisation pipeline and testing), CJ (post T1D onset modelling), LF (model-fitting, code review) and JF (accumulative resampling data structures, code review). The manuscript was initially drafted by GL, BMQ, JF and LF. MR, WH and RO contributed to the study design. All authors revised, edited and approved the final version of the manuscript.
