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Article History

Received: 24 November 2025

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 22 March 2026

Declarations

:

: No funding was received for the preparation of this article.

: Josep Darbà, Meritxell Ascanio, and Antonio Rodríguez have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The articles included in this systematic literature review were retrieved from the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases and supplemented with data from the NICE and NCBI websites. To harmonize the reported economic outcomes, all monetary values were adjusted to 2025 US dollars. Currency conversions were performed using exchange rates from and inflation adjustments were applied using the US Inflation Calculator.

: Not applicable.

: JD contributed to the investigation by interpreting the economic burden of CKD and played a major role in the intellectual content revision. MA and AR conducted the literature search, analyzed and interpreted the statistical data, and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.