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Article History

Accepted: 12 February 2021

First Online: 19 April 2021

Compliance with ethical standards

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: None of the authors have any conflicts of interest relevant to the subject matter of this manuscript to declare. Stuart Phillips reports grants from Canadian Institutes of Health Research, grants from National Science and Engineering Council, grant from the US NIH, grant from the Alliance for Potato Research and Education, grant from US National Dairy Council, outside the submitted work, in addition to: personal fees (honorarium) from Enhanced Recovery (donated to charity), the US National Dairy Council, the US Dairy Export Council, Leprino Foods and Agropur outside the submitted work.; travel costs from the US National Dairy Council, the US Dairy Export Council, and Leprino Foods and Agropur, outside the submitted work; equity in Exerkine (all proceeds donated to charity). Stuart Phillips is a named inventor on a patent 3052324 issued to Exerkine, a patent 16/182891 pending to Exerkine, and a patent 2018157258 pending to Exerkine.

: This study received ethical approval from the Health, Exercise, and Sport Science Ethics Committee at Solent University (fishj2020).

: Participants were provided with an information sheet containing all details of the study, and then were required to confirm they had understood this and provide informed consent to participate.

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