Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 8 April 2021

First Online: 26 April 2021

Declarations

:

: No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this article.

: This paper represents part of the work by the World Anti-Doping Agency Working Group on Doping Prevalence conducted between September 2017 and December 2019, but WADA had no control over the drafting or content of this manuscript. John Gleaves, Andrea Petróczi, Olivier De Hon, Martial Saugy and Maarten Cruyff served as members of the Working Group (2017–2019) and they prepared this paper in their capacity as Working Group members, in collaboration with DF and EM. The Working Group members receive no salary for their work but expenses related to the travel for work were covered. Andrea Petróczi received grant funding from WADA previously as part of the Social Science Research Program, served as a member of the first Working Group on Doping Prevalence (2011–2012); and is currently involved in providing analysis and evaluation support for WADA’s Outreach Program in an unpaid advisory role. Martial Saugy worked at the Swiss Laboratory for Doping analyses (LAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland) until 2016 and received funding from WADA Science Department prior to his involvement in this project. Olivier De Hon works for the National Anti-Doping Authority Netherlands. Dirk Folkerts and Emmanuel Macedo declare they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review.

: Not applicable.

: The definitions, questions, and rater criteria for the Quality Assessment of Doping evidence—Self-Reported Prevalence (QUAD-SRP) and the Quality Assessment of Doping evidence—Sample Analysis of Prevalence (QUAD-SAP) are available in Electronic Supplementary Material Appendix S1 and S2, respectively. All extracted data from the studies are available in Electronic Supplementary Material Appendix S3. The complete scoring for all studies is available in Electronic Supplementary Material Appendix S4. All other datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current analysis are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: AP served as senior author on the project, conceptualized the study, led the development of quality assessment criteria, contributed to collating and synthesizing the independent quality assessments, contributed to the literature search, supervised DF and contributed to drafting the manuscript. JG drafted the manuscript, contributed to the development of quality assessment criteria, contributed to collating and synthesizing the independent quality assessments as well as the literature search and supervised EM. DF conducted the initial literature search, contributed to developing the quality assessment criteria and conducted independent quality assessment for all included studies under the supervision of AP. OH conducted independent quality assessment, contributed to developing the quality assessment criteria and literature search. EM conducted independent quality assessment under the supervision of JG. The best practice recommendations were formulated by AP, JG, OH, MS, and MC. All authors read and critically commented on the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript.