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Article History

Accepted: 29 March 2022

First Online: 10 May 2022

Declarations

:

: No specific funding was received for writing this review. Felipe Marticorena (2019/20614-0; 2021/05847-8), Beatriz Grecco (2020/02391-0), Gabriel Barreto (2020/12036-3), and Bryan Saunders (2016/50438-0; 2021/06836-0) have been financially supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. Bryan Saunders has received a grant from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (2020.1.362.5.2).

: Several of the authors (GB, BS) have previously received caffeine supplements at no cost from a national supplement company (Farmácia Analítica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) for work unrelated to the current article. Farmácia Analítica have not had any input (financial, intellectual, or otherwise) into this review. The remaining authors report no conflict of interest.

: BS is responsible for the conception of the work. FM performed the searches. AC, FM, BG, and GB performed the screening, and AC, FM, and BG performed the data extraction. GB performed the data analysis. AC and BS are responsible for the initial writing of the manuscript, and all authors were involved in the editing process. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

: Extracted data are available in a supplementary file, and analysis codes are available upon request.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.