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Article History

Accepted: 2 May 2023

First Online: 20 May 2023

Declarations

:

: All authors contributed to the study conception, study design, critical review, and interpretation of findings, and drafting and/or critique of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Specifically, LBL and EFT contributed to conceptualization, methodology, data analysis and interpretation, and original and revised manuscript drafts. RCL, NLH, TAB, and JTE contributed to conceptualization, analysis interpretation, and original and revised manuscript drafting. MAM, TWM, and SPB contributed to conceptualization, methodology, data analysis, manuscript critique, and funding acquisition. JDS contributed to conceptualization, analysis interpretation, original and revised manuscript drafting, and funding acquisition. The CARE Consortium Investigators contributed to critical critique and review of methodology, data analysis, and original manuscript review.

: This study was made possible, in part, with support from the Grand Alliance Concussion Assessment, Research, and Education Consortium, funded by the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the Department of Defense. The US Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity, 820 Chandler Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5014, USA is the awarding and administering acquisition office. This work was supported by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs through the Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury Program under Award no. W81XWH-14-2-0151. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the Department of Defense (Defense Health Program funds).

: All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this manuscript outside the acknowledged funding source.

: All disclosures below are not directly related to the current project, but are reported for full transparency to readers. Dr Landon Lempke has current or prior funding unrelated to the current project from the National Athletic Trainers’ Association (NATA), American College of Sports Medicine, Eastern Athletic Trainers’ Association, VALD, internally from university affiliations, and has received various speaker honorarium and travel reimbursement for talks given. Dr Elizabeth Teel has current or prior funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Fonds de recherche du Québec- Santé. Dr Robert Lynall reports current or prior funding from the Department of Defense (DoD), National Football League (NFL), Andee’s Army foundation, internal funding from university affiliations, and has received conference travel support from the Southeast Conference for athletics and internal institutional awards. Dr Thomas Buckley reports current or prior funding from NIH, Henry F. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, and State Space, Inc. Dr James Eckner reports current or prior funding from NIH, NSF, and internal university funding. Dr Eckner also reports being a co-author (stipend received) for a book chapter in “Concussion Management for Wheelchair Athletes”, on the editorial board (unpaid) for the journal <i>Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation</i>, and a co-inventor on US Patent #8,657,295, and a Data and Safety Monitoring Board member for an unrelated NIH project. Dr Michael McCrea has received research funding from the NIH, CDC, DoD, NCAA, NFL, and Abbott Laboratories. Dr Thomas McAllister reports current or prior grant support from NIH, DoD, and NCAA, as well as textbook royalties from the “Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury” from the American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Inc., and is an unpaid member for the concussion Scientific Advisory Committee for the Australian-Rules Football Conference. Dr Steven Broglio has current or past research funding from the NIH, CDC, DoD, NCAA, NATA, NFL/Under Armour/GE; Simbex; and ElmindA. Dr Broglio has consulted for US Soccer (paid), US Cycling (unpaid), University of Calgary SHRed Concussions external advisory board (unpaid), medico-legal litigation, and received speaker honorarium and travel reimbursements for talks given. Dr Broglio is also a co-author of “Biomechanics of Injury (3rd edition)” and has a patent pending on “Brain Metabolism Monitoring Through CCO Measurements Using All-Fiber-Integrated Super-Continuum Source” (U.S. Application No. 17/164,490). Lastly, Dr Broglio is/was on the editorial boards (all unpaid) for Journal of Athletic Training (2015 to present), Concussion (2014 to present), Athletic Training & Sports Health Care (2008 to present), and British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008 to 2019).

: The CARE Consortium datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available in the FITBIR repository ().

: The study was performed in accordance with the standards of ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: All study procedures were reviewed and approved by the University of Michigan IRB, the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Human Research Protection Office (HRPO), as well the local IRB at each of the performance sites. Participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.

: Not applicable.