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Article History

Accepted: 28 March 2024

First Online: 30 May 2024

Declarations

:

: XW and SLZ contributed equally to this work. XW and SLZ constructed the entire research concept. XW and ZTT collected all the data. XW, JCS, and ZTT designed and conducted all the model and experiments. XW and SLZ prepared the figures and manuscript. MG and SR reviewed and commented on the manuscript. All authors have made a substantial and direct contributions to the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript.

: No funding was received for the present study.

: None of the authors has a conflict of interest related to the present investigation.

: The present study was performed in accordance with the standards of ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Doctoral Program Academic Commission (CAPD) of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (0610/2022).

: All participants were informed and consented to data collection by NBA officials and SportVU. The raw data is publicly available for research.

: The code of the current study is available at .