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Article History

Accepted: 5 August 2024

First Online: 15 September 2024

Declarations

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: Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions.

: Lauren V Fortington, Ph.D, is supported through research grant funding at Edith Cowan University. She has received project funding from several sports, health and government agencies including: Australian Football League, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australian Institute of Sport, Combat Sport Commission Western Australia, Cricket Australia, Defence Science WA, Exercise & Sports Science Australia, Injury Matters, International Olympic Committee, KidSafe WA, Rugby Australia, State Government of Victoria and VicSport. Lauren Fortington is an editorial board member of Sports Medicine. She was not involved in any of the editorial process or decisions for this manuscript. J. David Cassidy, PhD, Dr.Med.Sc., has received funds for expert testimony on long-term consequences of injuries, including TBI and sports concussions. He has received funding from various organizations in Canada, the USA, Sweden and Denmark to study traffic injuries and to undertake and publish systematic reviews on head and neck injuries. Rudolph J. Castellani, MD, is a collaborator on a grant funded by the National Football League to study the spectrum of concussion, including possible long-term effects. He has a consulting practice in forensic neuropathology, including expert testimony, which has involved former athletes at amateur and professional levels as well as sport organizations. He was reimbursed for hotel costs at the World Rugby Medical Commission Conference in 2022. Andrew J Gardner, PhD, has a clinical practice in neuropsychology involving individuals who have sustained sport-related concussion. He is a contracted concussion consultant to Rugby Australia. He has received travel funding or been reimbursed by professional sporting bodies, and commercial organisations for discussing or presenting sport-related concussion research at meetings, scientific conferences, workshops and symposiums. He is a member of the World Rugby Concussion Working Group, and a member of the Australian Football League Concussion Scientific Advisory Committee. He is currently supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) investigator grant. He acknowledges unrestricted philanthropic support from the Tooth Foundation for concussion research and the National Rugby League for research in former professional rugby league players. Andrew McIntosh, PhD, is a self-employed consultant in biomechanics and ergonomics. His 1995 PhD was on the topic of head injury biomechanics. He commenced research on concussion in sport in the late 1990s. He has worked in the area of head injury biomechanics and prevention for 30 years. He holds two adjunct (honorary) academic appointments. As a university academic (employee and honorary), he has been awarded research grants paid to the university to fund research on sports injuries. Funding has been received from a range of national and international sporting organisations. As a consultant, he has been paid to assist a range of state, national and international organisations on injury biomechanics and safety, including concussion in sport and its prevention. His paid employment includes expert testimony on injury causation. Michael Austen has no conflicts of interest to declare. Zachary Yukio Kerr, PhD, acknowledges previous support from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Department of Defense, National Football League, National Collegiate Athletic Association and National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment. Kenneth L Quarrie, PhD, has been employed by New Zealand Rugby since 2000 and currently occupies the role of Chief Scientist, New Zealand Rugby. He also sits on World Rugby’s Scientific Committee and has contributed to various World Rugby working groups focussed on player welfare issues from 2011 to the time of publication. He has received funding for travel and accommodation from World Rugby to present at their medical conferences and meetings. He is the co-principal investigator on the Kumanu Tāngata project, a retrospective cohort study funded by World Rugby and the New Zealand Rugby Foundation. The purpose of the Kumanu Tāngata project is to investigate long-term health outcomes associated with participation in first-class rugby (provincial level and above) in New Zealand.

: L.V.F. and K.L.Q. drafted the manuscript together with input from all authors on their specific areas of expertise. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.