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Article History

Accepted: 19 February 2025

First Online: 27 March 2025

Declarations

:

: The research was supported by a grant awarded by the International Olympic Committee. “Real time athlete biometrics and environmental monitoring” 2023, USD $58,300, RBU/cftr/2023-10. The funding body had no role in the study’s design, data collection, analysis, interpretation or manuscript writing.

: YP is a founder of Human Telemetrics (London, UK). DPI is an employee of Human Telemetrics (London, UK). YP is the founder of the original Sub2 marathon project now affiliated to Human Telemetrics (London, UK). The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this manuscript.

: The data are not available to the public, as they include those of professional athletes. Authors are willing to share code upon request.

: The study protocol complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local Research Ethics Committee (Hong Kong Baptist University REC/23-24/0028). Written informed consent was obtained from the participants (and their parent or legal guardian in the case of participants under 18 years of age).

: Informed consent to participate and to publish was obtained from all participants included in the study (and their parent or legal guardian in the case of participants under 18 years of age).

: Study design was conceived by CJ and YP. All authors participated in data collection in some capacity. Analysis was performed by KA, FG and CJ. The first draft of the manuscript was written by CJ. Comments and revisions were provided by all. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

: Not applicable.