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Article History

Accepted: 19 March 2025

First Online: 21 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. This work was supported by Australian Catholic University (ACU) research funding awarded to N.J.H. N.J.H. and J.A.H.’s research is partially funded by the Australian Government through the Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Project grant DP200103542, “Molecular networks underlying exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in humans.” B.L.P. is funded by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Emerging Leader Investigator Grant (APP2009642).

: Professor John A. Hawley is an Editorial Board member of Sports Medicine. Professor John A. Hawley was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. The authors have no other relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

: This article and its Supplementary Information include all datasets generated during this study. The MS phosphoproteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE [] partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD053295 (Reviewer login details—username: reviewer_pxd053295@ebi.ac.uk; password: 1PKEot15EUSc). Further information and requests for materials and resources including raw data, code, and unique materials collected and used in this study should be directed to and will be fulfilled by the corresponding author and lead contact, Nolan J. Hoffman (nolan.hoffman@acu.edu.au).

: Not applicable.

: This study was approved by the Australian Catholic University Human Research Ethics Committee (approval number 2017-311H), prospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (registration number ACTRN12619000819123) and conformed to the standards set by the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments and comparable ethical standards.

: All participants completed medical history screening to ensure they were free from illness and injury and were informed of all experimental procedures and possible risks associated with this study prior to providing their written informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: N.J.H. and J.A.H. conceptualized the study and provided intellectual input and financial support. N.J.H., J.W., and B.E.R. conducted participant baseline measurements, exercise trials, and sample collection. N.J.H., J.W., and B.E.R. performed skeletal muscle, blood, and whole-body physiological data analysis. R.B. and B.L.P. performed MS sample preparation and phosphoproteomic analysis. D.X., V.S., and P.Y. performed bioinformatic analyses. N.J.H. wrote the manuscript, and all authors edited and approved the final version.