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Article History

Accepted: 10 April 2025

First Online: 1 May 2025

Declarations

:

: This research was supported by the Grand Alliance CARE Consortium, funded in part by the NCAA and the DOD. This work was supported by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs through the Combat Casualty Care Research Program and endorsed by the DOD, under award no. W81XWH1420151. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and not necessarily endorsed by the DOD.

: None declared.

: Data used in this investigation are available in the Federal Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury Research Informatics System ().

: All study procedures were reviewed and approved by the University of Michigan IRB, the US Army Medical Research and Material Command Human Research Protection Office, and the local IRB at each of the performance sites. The study was performed in accordance with the standards of ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The Thomas Jefferson University IRB approved the secondary data analysis and data access for this study (iRISID-2023–2273) on August 7, 2023.

: Participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: KJH made substantial contributions to the conception of the study, the acquisition and interpretation of data, drafting the work, and revising it critically for important intellectual content, provided final approval of the version published, and is accountable for all aspects of the work. JBC, TAB, and ALCS made substantial contributions to the conception of the study, the analysis and interpretation of data, and revising the work critically for important intellectual content and provided final approval of the version published. CAL made substantial contributions to the analysis of the data and revising this work critically for important intellectual content and provided final approval of the version published. RMW made substantial drafting contributions, revising this work critically for important intellectual content, and providing final approval of the version published. SPB, TWM, MAM, and PFP made substantial contributions to the conception of the study, the acquisition and interpretation of data, revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content, and providing final approval of the version published and are accountable for all aspects of the work. CARE Consortium investigators HJB, CD, JTE, CCG, KMG, TWK, LJN, CLM, JM, JPM, CM, JO, NLP, MP, and AS made substantial contributions to the acquisition of data, revising it critically for important intellectual content, and provided final approval of the version published.