Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 20 April 2025

First Online: 14 May 2025

Declarations

:

: Douglas Terry, Ph.D., serves as a scientific advisor for HitIQ. He previously consulted for REACT Neuro, Inc. He has a consulting practice in forensic neuropsychology, including expert testimony, involving individuals who have sustained mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) (including former athletes). He receives grant funding from Amgen, Inc. and Football Research, Inc. Scott Zuckerman, MD, MPH, is a member of the NFL Head, Neck, and Spine Committee and consultant for Medtronic. No other authors have any conflicts of interest to report.

: Grant Rigney contributed to design, data analysis, and drafting of the manuscript. John Dugan contributed to design and drafting of the manuscript. Anthony Bishay contributed to design and drafting of the manuscript. Soren Jonzzon contributed to design of the study and editing of the manuscript. Jacob Jo contributed to the design of the study and editing of the manuscript. Kristen Williams contributed to study oversight and data acquisition. Scott L. Zuckerman contributed to study design and conception, data acquisition, study oversight, drafting of manuscript, and editing of manuscript. Douglas P. Terry contributed to study design and conception, data acquisition, study oversight, drafting of manuscript, and editing of this manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version.

: None.

: Data are available to qualified investigators on reasonable request.