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Article History

Accepted: 12 May 2025

First Online: 1 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Supplementary materials for this paper are also available on the Open Science Framework at .

: The authors have provided a code sample and output for one protocol (20-m sprint) available in Supplementary Material 5. In addition, all relevant codes related to data processing, figures, tables and statistical analyses are available at .

: This article is published as part of a supplement issue that was supported by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: H.C., T.S., R.L., J.C. and D.S. conceived the idea for the article. H.C. performed the literature search, and H.C. and T.S. completed article screening and data extraction. T.S. performed the data and statistical analysis, and H.C. created the interactive dashboard application. R.L. and J.C. contributed to cross-referencing of the database. H.C. and T.S. wrote the first draft of the manuscript and all subsequent versions. R.L. provided significant writing content and revisions to the manuscript, and J.C. and D.W. provided edits and conceptual direction to the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. H.C. coordinated the submission and revision process. The authors agree to be accountable for the work.

: The contents of this systematic review and meta-analysis are presented clearly, honestly and without fabrication, falsification or inappropriate data manipulation. In the interest of transparency, Heidi Compton, Ric Lovell, Dawn Scott, Jo Clubb and Tzlil Shushan have freelance roles at FIFA. There are no other competing interests to declare.