Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 15 May 2025

First Online: 6 June 2025

Declarations

:

: J.T.’s fellowship is partly funded by the Rugby Football League. C.O., D.V., G.P. and B.J. are employed in a consultancy capacity by the Rugby Football League. G.T. and B.J. have received research funding from Prevent Biometrics. The remaining authors have no competing interests to declare.

: J.T., C.O., T.S., G.R., K.T. and B.J. conceptualised the research project and designed the study. J.T., C.O., G.P. and B.J. collected data for the study. All authors were responsible for analysis and interpretation of the results. J.T., C.O., T.S., G.R., K.T. and B.J. drafted the manuscript. All authors critically reviewed and edited the manuscript prior to submission.

: Rugby Football League funded this research project.

: This project was approved by the Leeds Beckett University Ethics Committee (ref. no. 108638).

: Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting or dissemination plans of this research.

: All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information. Anonymised data should be available upon reasonable request.