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Authors
Kontos, Anthony P.
Zynda, Aaron J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0663-7320
Trbovich, Alicia M.
French, Jonathan
Kegel, Nathan
Burley, Christopher
Patel, Shan
Mucha, Anne
Womble, Melissa N.
Jennings, Sabrina
Dollar, Christina M.
Elbin, R. J.
Collins, Michael W.
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Article History
Accepted: 19 May 2025
First Online: 8 June 2025
Declarations
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: No funding was received for the study’s design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, and manuscript writing.
: Anthony P. Kontos and Michael W. Collins receive book royalties from APA Books, and funding for their research through the University of Pittsburgh from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chuck Noll Foundation for Brain Injury Research, Department of Defense (CDMRP, USAMRAA, USUHS), National Football League, National Institutes of Health (NICHD, NIMH, NINDS), and private donors (Karen and Joe Konefal through the University of Pittsburgh). Aaron J. Zynda, Alicia M. Trbovich, Jonathan French, Nathan Kegel, Christopher Burley, Shan Patel, Anne Mucha, Melissa N. Womble, Sabrina Jennings, Christina M. Dollar, and R.J. Elbin have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.
: All procedures performed in the study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Pittsburgh (No. STUDY 23080145).
: Written informed consent, or assent in the case of a minor, was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The data supporting this study’s findings are not openly available because of sensitivity reasons but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The data are in controlled access storage at the University of Pittsburgh.
: Not applicable.
: All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by APK, AJZ, AM, CB, SP, CD, and RJE. APK, AJZ, and AM wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors provided feedback on and commented on multiple versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
