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Article History

Accepted: 13 June 2025

First Online: 12 July 2025

Declarations

:

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. There was no financial assistance associated with completing this study or preparing this article.

: Stephen MacGabhann, Phillip Newman, Jeremy Witchalls, Rebecca Dowse, Gordon Waddington and Stephen Cobley have no competing interests (financial, professional or personal) that could be perceived to influence manuscript development and content. Stephen MacGabhann was supported by an industry PhD scholarship grant from the New South Wales Institute of Sport and the University of Canberra. This support did not influence the study’s design, analysis or reporting.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: This systematic review synthesised data from 53 publicly available articles (41 peer-reviewed journal articles, four book chapters and eight PhD dissertations) identified through systematic searches of databases, including CINAHL, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science. Details of the included studies are provided in Table . The full list of references is available in the References section, and the original sources can be accessed through their respective publishers or repositories, subject to access restrictions. Qualitative data from semi-structured focus-group interviews with elite diving (n = 5) and field hockey coaches (n = 3) were used to validate findings. Because of ethical considerations and confidentiality agreements with participants, the raw interview transcripts are not publicly available. The findings from these interviews are presented in an aggregated and anonymised format to protect participant privacy. For further enquiries regarding interview data, please contact the corresponding author: stephen.cobley@sydney.edu.au.

: SM: conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, writing (original draft), project administration. PN: writing (review and editing). JW: writing (review and editing). RD: writing (review and editing). GW: writing (review and editing). SC: conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, writing (original draft, review and editing). All authors read and approved the final version.