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Article History

Accepted: 25 June 2025

First Online: 11 July 2025

Declarations

:

: Open Access funding provided by the Qatar National Library.

: Author M.T. serves as a board member of the Medical and Scientific Committee within the Qatar Olympic Committee. Author R.B. serves as a Senior Advisor to the IOC Medical and Scientific Department. Authors A.S. and B.C. serve as Research Lead and Medical Researcher, respectively, at FIFA Medical. These roles did not influence the content, analysis, or conclusions of this manuscript. The remaining authors have no potential conflicts of interest regarding the content of this article.

: The QSL IIS and the AFC IIS have been approved by the Aspire Zone Foundation under the numbers E2016000157 and E2017000252, respectively. For the FIFA World Cup 2022 the surveillance program has been approved by the Swiss Association of Research Ethics Committee (BASEC: 2022-01790) and the Aspire Zone Foundation Institutional Review Board (AZF IRB number E202210044).

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Data are not available for confidentiality reasons. Materials are provided as appendices.

: M.T. contributed to conceptualization, analyses, and wrote the first draft. M.T., B.H., and R.B. contributed to the study development. B.H. refined the manuscript. G.S., R.M., M.Ch., Z.E., P.M., M.M., M.Ca., P.D., and R.W. contributed to data collection. R.B., A.S., B.C., and Y.O.S. contributed to reviewing and editing of the manuscript. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript for submission and approved the final version.