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Authors
Hudson, Samuel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0841-7009
Tooby, James https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-4416
Roe, Gregory https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1428-9282
Sawczuk, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4243-132X
Cazzola, Dario https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7877-6755
Cross, Matt
Jones, Ben https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4274-6236
Kemp, Simon
Whitehead, Sarah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6105-3160
Stokes, Keith https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5049-2838
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Rugby Football Union
Premiership Rugby
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Article History
Accepted: 15 July 2025
First Online: 2 August 2025
Declarations
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: Rugby Football Union and Premiership Rugby funded this research project.
: SH is funded by the Rugby Football Union and Premiership Rugby. JT’s fellowship is part-funded by the Rugby Football League. GR is part-funded by World Rugby and Premiership Rugby. TS is part-funded by World Rugby and Premiership Rugby. MC is employed by Premiership Rugby. BJ is employed by Premiership Rugby and Rugby Football League as a consultant and has received funding for research from Prevent Biometrics and World Rugby. SK and KS are employed by the Rugby Football Union. DC and SW have no conflicts of interest.
: All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information. Anonymised data should be available upon reasonable request.
: This project was approved by the Research Ethics Approval Committee for Health, University of Bath (EP 20/21 088). The study was performed following the standards of ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: All participants provided written consent.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: SH, JT, GR, TS, MC, BJ, SK, and KS conceptualised the research project and designed the study. SH, JT, GR, TS, MC, BJ, SK, SW, and KS collected data for this study. All authors were responsible for the analysis and interpretation of the results. SH and KS drafted the manuscript. All authors critically reviewed and edited the manuscript prior to submission.
