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Authors
Whitfield, Jamie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8961-8872
McKay, Alannah K. A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4184-3886
Tee, Nicolin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-9516
McCormick, Rachel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5638-538X
Morabito, Aimee https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9915-1893
Karagounis, Leonidas G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2403-3387
Fouassier, Andréane M.
D’Amico, Davide https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8499-9514
Singh, Anurag https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-4560
Burke, Louise M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8866-5637
Hawley, John A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0886-9881
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Amazentis SA
Australian Catholic University Limited
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Article History
Accepted: 21 July 2025
First Online: 21 August 2025
Declarations
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: Open access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. This work was supported by research funding from Amazentis SA awarded to L.M.B. and J.A.H.
: Ethics approval was obtained from the Australian Catholic University’s Human Research Ethics Committee (2021-36HC), and the study was prospectively registered as a clinical trial (NCT04783207). All procedures were performed in accordance with the standards of ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: All participants completed medical history screening to ensure they were free from illness and injury. Comprehensive details of the study protocol were explained orally and provided in writing prior to athletes providing their written informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information files. All raw data are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.
: The authors declare the following competing interests: A.M.F., D.D., and A.S. are employees of Amazentis SA, the sponsor of this clinical study. J.W. has received travel support from Amazentis SA to present findings related to this project at scientific conferences. L.G.K. was an employee of Nestlé Research and Nestlé Health Science, is on the scientific advisory boards of Vital Proteins, NUUN, and RNWY, is a board member of Siftlink, and reports personal fees from Nestlé Health Science, Liquid I.V. and RNWY. J.A.H. is an Editorial Board member of Sports Medicine. J.A.H. was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. The other authors declare no competing interests.
: J.W., A.K.A.M., L.G.K., D.D., A.S., L.M.B., and J.A.H contributed to the design of the study. J.W., A.K.A.M., N.T., R.M., A.M., and L.M.B collected and analyzed the whole-body data. J.W. and D.D. analyzed the muscle data. J.W. created the figures and wrote the manuscript with the critical input from the other co-authors. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
