Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 23 July 2025

First Online: 20 August 2025

Declarations

:

: LM is a doctoral researcher funded by a Vice-Chancellor's Fellowship at Loughborough University, with funding aligned to the Sports for Climate Action and Nature (SCAN) cluster.

: SAM has current/previous funding from Entrinsic Beverage Company LLP and Herbalife Europe Ltd and has received conference funding from Danone Nutricia and Unilever. LJJ has current/previous funding from Bunge Loders Croklaan B.V., Herbalife Europe Ltd, Bridge Farm Nurseries Ltd, Entrinsic Beverage Company LLP, Decathlon SA, PepsiCo Inc. and Volac International, has performed consultancy for The British Horseracing Authority, Lucozade, Ribena Suntory and PepsiCo Inc. and has received conference fees from PepsiCo Inc. and Danone Nutricia. In all cases, monies have been paid to LJJ's institution. LJJ is part of the National Institute for Health Research’s Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, which is a partnership between University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Loughborough University, and the University of Leicester. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

: Data are available on request from the corresponding author.

: LM, SAM, LJJ and LT designed the review; LM and HZM performed screening and study quality assessment; LM and HZM analysed the data with the help of SAM and LJJ; LM wrote the manuscript; LM, SAM, LJJ, LT and HZM reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.