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Authors
Bussey, Melanie D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5746-3861
Salmon, Danielle
Nanai, Bridie
Romanchuk, Janelle
Gomez, Raul M.
Tong, Darryl
Sole, Gisela
Tucker, Ross
Falvey, Éanna
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
World Rugby
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Article History
Accepted: 22 August 2025
First Online: 17 September 2025
Declarations
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: MDB has received research funding from World Rugby. JR is currently employed part-time by New Zealand Rugby as a Concussion Scientist and is enrolled as a PhD candidate at the University of Otago. RT serves as a consultant for World Rugby. DS was employed by New Zealand Rugby at the time of the study, received research funding from World Rugby and is currently employed by the International Rugby Players Association. EF is the Chief Medical Officer for World Rugby. BN is currently employed by Prevent Biometrics as the Director of Applied Science and Integration, and was a research assistant at the University of Otago during the time of the study. While several authors hold roles within professional rugby organisations, these are disclosed in the interest of transparency. No author received direct compensation for the conduct or reporting of this study. The authors affirm that these affiliations did not influence the study design, data interpretation or manuscript preparation. All other authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. This study involved human participants and was approved by the University of Otago Human Ethics Committee ID:H21_056UOHEC (Health) ID H21_056.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all players; legal guardian consent was also obtained from players under the age of 16 years.
: Not applicable.
: Data are available on reasonable request to the corresponding author.
: Custom codes for data processing are hosted on GitHub and can be shared upon request after all manuscripts have been accepted for publication.
: MDB, DS, RT and EF conceived and planned the study. DS, JR, GS and MDB oversaw and carried out the data collection in the field. DT oversaw the iMG fitting. MDB, RMG, BN, and JR oversaw the data cleaning and processing. MDB and RMG wrote the custom codes for data processing and synchronising events and completed the data analysis. MDB took the lead in writing the manuscript. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the final manuscript submission.
