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Authors
De Souza, Mary Jane https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-9710
Williams, Nancy I. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3690-6691
Misra, Madhusmita https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9405-2981
Nattiv, Aurelia https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5999-7154
Joy, Elizabeth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4473-1038
Barrack, Michelle https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0897-1832
Ricker, Emily A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7743-7786
Gorrell, Sasha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8861-8547
Koltun, Kristen J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3234-3190
O’Donnell, Emma https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-4213
Mallinson, Rebecca J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0377-8737
Salamunes, Ana Carla C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7326-5320
Woodruff, Kary https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-2891
Fredericson, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9826-2348
Plessow, Franziska https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9721-7817
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Article History
Accepted: 26 September 2025
First Online: 31 December 2025
Declarations
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: All authors have no financial interests or relationships to disclose, except as indicated below. Mary Jane De Souza is a consultant for the California Prune Board, for Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, and for the CocaCola Company. Sasha Gorrell is supported by the National Institutes of Mental Health (K23MH126201; R21MH131787) and the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (NARSAD Young Investigator Award). Madhusmita Misra has served as a key opinion leader for Lumos Pharmaceuticals, a consultant for Regeneron, and receives study drug donation from Tonix Pharmaceuticals and honoraria from UpToDate. Michael Fredericson has several grants related to the subject matter of this article (1) Co-Principal Investigator, Pac-12 Conference Student-Athlete Health & Well-Being Grant Award, “Improving Bone Health and Reducing the Incidence of Bone Stress Injuries in Pac-12 Distance Runners: An Implementation Plan Focusing on Health Promotion, Optimal Fueling, and Changing Culture”, and (2) Co-Investigator, US Department of Defense, “Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for the Management of Stress Fractures and High-Grade Bone Stress Injuries: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.” Michael Fredericson is also an Advisory Board member of Hinge Health. Aurelia Nattiv has received support as (1) Co-Principal Investigator, Department of Defense and Medical Technology Enterprise Consortium, “Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for the Management of Stress Fractures and High-Grade Bone Stress Injuries: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial”, and (2) Co-Principal Investigator, Pac-12 Conference Student-Athlete Health & Well-Being Grant Award, “Improving Bone Health and Reducing the Incidence of Bone Stress Injuries in Pac-12 Distance Runners: An Implementation Plan Focusing on Health Promotion, Optimal Fueling, and Changing Culture”, and (3) as a consultant for the National Football League Research & Innovation Committee. Ana Carla C. Salamunes is supported by Fulbright Brazil and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES). Nancy I. Williams, Elizabeth Joy, Michelle Barrack, Emily A. Ricker, Kristen J. Koltun, Emma O’Donnell, Rebecca J. Mallinson, Kary Woodruff, and Franziska Plessow have no conflicts of interest that are directly to the content of this article.
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: MJD and NIW oversaw all final edits. The main writers were the section leaders and included MJD, NIW, MM, AN, EJ, MB, EOD, and SG. All authors contributed to writing, editing consensus discussions, development and approval of evidence-based statements and their grading and approval of the final manuscript.
