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Authors
Samanna, Claire L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5035-7006
Owen, Patrick J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3924-9375
Mitchell, Ulrike H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-8756
Ehrenbrusthoff, Katja https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1667-8943
Saueressig, Tobias
Moreira, Eva
Arora, Nitin K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8841-2549
Mundell, Niamh L https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5406-3216
Tait, Jamie L https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5792-9430
Donath, Lars
Karner, Vera https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4017-801X
Belavý, Daniel L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-832X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Monash University
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Article History
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 16 March 2026
Declarations
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: Patrick J. Owen is an Editorial Board member of Sports Medicine but was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for this article or any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Niamh L. Mundell holds a non-executive director position with the Board of Exercise and Sports Science Australia. Claire L. Samanna, Ulrike H. Mitchell, Katja Ehrenbrusthoff, Tobias Saueressig, Eva Moreira, Nitin K. Arora, Jamie L. Tait, Lars Donath, Vera Karner and Daniel L. Belavý have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: All data are publicly available via repositories ( ).
: The statistical code is publicly available via repositories ( ).
: All authors read and approved the final version. Conceptualisation: PJO, UHM, DLB. Data curation: CLS, NKA. Formal analysis: CLS. Funding acquisition: not applicable. Investigation: all methodology: all. Project administration: CLS, PJO, DLB. Resources: PJO, DLB. Software: PJO, DLB. Supervision: PJO, DLB. Validation: PJO. Visualisation: CLS, PJO. Writing (original draft): CLS. Writing (review and editing): all.
: Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting or dissemination plans of this research.
