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Authors
Mikkonen, Ritva S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5668-2202
Ihalainen, Johanna K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9428-4689
Bruinvels, Georgie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-7228
Mkumbuzi, Nonhlanhla S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4982-0662
Smith-Ryan, Abbie E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5405-304X
Kaikkonen, Mira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1001-5025
Kasongo, Malita
Hackney, Anthony C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6607-1472
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
FIFA
University of Jyväskylä
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Article History
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: RSM and ACH led the manuscript writing process. RSM, JKI, GB, NSM, AESR, and ACH wrote the manuscript. MiK and MaK reviewed and commented on the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final submitted manuscript and agree to be accountable for the work.
: RSM, JKI, GB, NSM, ASR, and ACH have been paid consultants for FIFA’s female health project. NSM is an editor for BJSM and a technical consultant for FIFA and the Confederation of African Football. ASR receives research funding for studies on dietary supplements and serves as a scientific advisor for Alzchem and Create Wellness. GB is a consultant with Orreco who provide consultancy to female athletes and the free FitrWoman app. GB and ASR are consultants for US Soccer. MiK and MaK have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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