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Authors
Pelland, Joshua C. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5962-9603
Remmert, Jacob F. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5227-6541
Robinson, Zac P. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1672-2903
Hinson, Seth R.
Zourdos, Michael C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3265-7683
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Article History
Accepted: 14 October 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no conflicts of interest specifically pertaining to this article. However, the authors have written about fitness and resistance training content previously; therefore, we wish to note that Joshua Pelland, Jacob Remmert, Zac Robinson, Seth Hinson, and Michael Zourdos are coaches and writers in the fitness industry.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: All data and supplementary materials are available on the Open Science Framework project page ( ).
: The code is available on the Open Science Framework project page ( ).
: All authors contributed to the concept of the manuscript. JCP and JFR performed the systematic search. JCP, JFR, and SRH extracted data. ZPR performed the statistical analysis, with assistance from JCP. JCP wrote the initial manuscript. All authors revised the manuscript and approved the final version.
