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Article History

Accepted: 16 October 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Declarations

Funding: We acknowledge support by the Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Freiburg, Germany.

Ethics approval: Not applicable.

Consent to participate: Not applicable.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Code availability: Not applicable.

Conflict of interest: The authors declare they that have no conflicts of interest with the content of this article. Urs Granacher is a member of the editorial board of Sports Medicine but was not involved in the selection of reviewers for this manuscript or in any of the subsequent editorial decisions.

Availability of data and material: The data are provided in Table  and Electronic Supplementary Material [ ], with further datasets available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Authors’ contribution: Conceptualization: INKV, KG. Literature search: INKV, KG, GV. Abstract screening, full-text eligibility assessment, data extraction and critical appraisal: INKV, KG, GV, ME, HŞU, UG. Data synthesis: INKV, KG, CCTC, KP, BK, HZ, UG. Original draft of manuscript: INKV, KG, UG. Manuscript review and edit: INKV, CCTC, KP, BK, HŞU, HZ, UG. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.