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Article History

Accepted: 6 November 2025

First Online: 9 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Javaid Nauman, Emma M.L. Ingeström, Atefe R. Tari and Ulrik Wisløff have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: The study was approved by the Regional Committee on Medical and Health Research Ethics of Norway (REK 745308), and was performed in strict accordance with the ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: All participants were informed orally and in writing, and gave a signed consent to partake in the study.

: Not applicable.

: Because of privacy policies, data cannot be shared publicly. Researchers associated with Norwegian research institutes can apply for the use of HUNT material: data and samples, given approval by a Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics. Researchers from other countries are welcome to apply in cooperation with a Norwegian Principal Investigator. Access to the requested HUNT material is given after the application is approved by the HUNT Data Access Committee, and an agreement is signed. The agreement gives the researcher(s) the right to research a specific topic for a limited time period and to publish a decided upon number of articles. More information is available at .

: Not applicable.

: JN and EMLI had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Concept and design: JN, UW. Acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data: JN, EMLI, ART, UW. Drafting of the manuscript: JN, EMLI. Critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: all authors. Statistical analysis: JN, EMLI. Obtained funding: UW. Administrative, technical or material support: EMLI, ART. Supervision: JN, UW.

: We are dependent on the experiences and input of HUNT participants to identify needs, solutions and challenges. Therefore, participants have been involved in all the surveys, from the planning stage to the final evaluation. Many of them have contributed to several HUNT surveys, giving them a unique perspective. We have taken their input seriously, and all feedback has been recorded and further followed up.