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Authors
Gornall, Hamish https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9409-4426
Truscott, Haley
Shill, Isla J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0175-2354
Ashford, Mike https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7723-5153
Palmer, Debbie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4676-217X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Scottish Rugby Union
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Article History
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 12 March 2026
Declarations
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: HG proposed the review. HG, IJS, MA and DP contributed to the development of the research questions, review criteria, and search strategy. HG and HT conducted the search, screening, and synthesis phase, assisted by IJS. HG wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of this article. IJS, MA and DP supervised the project. HG is the guarantor of this work.
: Financial Interests: HG receives PhD funding from the Scottish Rugby Union. DP receives funding from the Scottish Rugby Union, World Rugby, and the International Olympic Committee. IJS is funded through a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Post Doctoral Research Fellowship and has received funding from World Rugby. Non-Financial Interests: The authors have none to declare.
: Not required.
: Not required.
: All data relevant to the study are reported in the text or included in the supplementary material.
