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Article History

Accepted: 25 February 2026

First Online: 13 March 2026

Declarations

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: TJB works as a consultant to several high‑performance organizations, including sporting teams, artistic, industry, military and higher‑education institutions. These roles are independent of the current article. All other authors declare they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this article.

: AR conceived and designed the narrative review, led the literature identification and synthesis, developed the conceptual framework, and drafted the manuscript. CB contributed to methodological and statistical interpretation, provided applied practitioner perspectives, and critically revised the manuscript. RTT contributed to the conceptual development of monitoring and readiness constructs, with particular input into Sect.  , provided high-performance sport applications, and critically revised the manuscript. ANT contributed to the conceptual and theoretical development of fatigue, readiness and monitoring constructs, supported the interpretation of training effects, and critically revised the manuscript. TJG contributed to the conceptual framing of training load, adaptation, and athlete monitoring, supported the integration of applied models and decision-making frameworks, and critically revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.