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Authors
Mai, Patrick
Willwacher, Steffen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-3165
Rahlf, Lina
Hoenig, Tim
Braun, Luca
von Diecken, Carlo
Bill, Kevin
Fohrmann, Dominik
Krosshaug, Tron
Hollander, Karsten
Gronwald, Thomas
Wilke, Jan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hochschule Offenburg
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Article History
Accepted: 25 March 2026
First Online: 18 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. K.H. is editor for the German Journal of Sports Medicine and associate editor for the BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine . S.W. is associate editor for Footwear Science .
: All extracted information can be found in the figures and Supplementary Materials.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: JW devised the study in consultation with the author team. PM, SW, LB, CVD, KB, DF, and TG performed the literature search. TG, KH, LR, TK, LB, CVD, and TH performed data extraction, quality assessment, and risk-of-bias rating. PM, KB, LB, CVD, and JW performed the data analysis. All authors contributed to the draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
