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Authors
Hanley, Brian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-1904
Foster, Carl https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1406-9283
Casado, Arturo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7668-6844
Pyne, David B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1555-5079
Jones, Andrew M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2082-1709
Barroso, Renato https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8112-6622
Boullosa, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8477-127X
de Koning, Jos J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5596-0282
Haugen, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5929-0389
Hettinga, Florentina J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-8126
Renfree, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9039-8574
Seiler, Stephen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-5232
Gibson, Alan St Clair https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0643-872X
Skiba, Philip
Thiel, Christian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4507-8787
Wilber, Randall
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Article History
Accepted: 16 April 2026
First Online: 9 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.
: Carl Foster, Andrew Jones, and Alan St. Clair Gibson are Editorial Board members of Sports Medicine . They were not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. The remaining authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: All data are provided within the main manuscript and from a publicly available dataset ( ).
: The study was approved by an institutional review board (application no. 144192) on the basis that all data were openly available.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Carl Foster conceptualized the study. Brian Hanley collated the data from online sources and conducted the primary analysis. Carl Foster and Brian Hanley co-wrote the first draft. Florentina Hettinga conducted the survey of coaches, athletes, and scientists. All authors were involved in developing and guiding the analysis methods, as well as interpreting the results, and all authors were responsible for the preparation of the manuscript as well as reviewing it before submission for publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
