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Article History

Accepted: 5 May 2026

First Online: 23 May 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors did not receive support from any organization with competing interests for the submitted work. Shona L. Halson is an Editorial Board member of Sports Medicine . Shona L. Halson was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.

Ethics approval: Ethics approval was granted by the Australian Catholic University’s Human Research Ethics Committee (Ethics number: 2022-2639H).

Data availability statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the lead author, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data due to lead author’s human research ethics counsel and thus are not publicly available. The data are, however, available from the authors upon reasonable request and with the permission of the lead author.

Consent to participate: Prior to the study, all participants received detailed information of the experimental procedures and provided written informed consent.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Code availability: Not applicable.

Authors’ contributions: GM, JW, and SH contributed to the conception and design of the study. GM and NC were responsible for data acquisition. GM and FF conducted the hormone analyses. MH, AGR, and IJ performed the data analysis and contributed to the interpretation of the data. GM, SH, and JW led the drafting of the manuscript and managed the submission process. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript to be published.