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Authors
Steinacker, Jürgen M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8901-9450
van Mechelen, Willem https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7136-6382
Engebretsen, Lars https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2294-921X
Verhagen, Evert https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-8234
Börjesson, Mats https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8786-0438
González-Gross, Marcela https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7757-3235
Hutchinson, Mark R.
Zupet, Petra
Löllgen, Herbert
van Rensburg, Dina C. Janse https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1058-6992
Bachl, Norbert
Migliorini, Sergio https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0735-7139
D‘Hooghe, Pieter
Schneider, Christian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4834-4382
Jiao, Jiao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2705-6157
Wong, Ka Ki
Swart, Jeroen
Gordon, Leigh
Badtieva, Victoria https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4291-679X
Muniz-Pardos, Borja https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9191-9033
Shi, Tony Lei
Xiangchen, Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1812-2343
Qiang, Feng
Li, Guoping
Xie, Minhao
Zhang, Xia
Erdener, Uğur
Fagnani, Federica
Pigozzi, Fabio https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-9405
Fossati, Chiara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2870-7185
Di Luigi, Luigi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2522-126X
Arroyo, Francisco
Kaux, Jean-François https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1939-3652
Tooth, Camille
Cheng, Shulin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9601-4834
Wang, Xiuqiang
Ergen, Emin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3237-9196
Ülkar, Bülent https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4656-8705
Dutheil, Frederic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1468-6029
Reer, Ruediger https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7556-7496
Papadopoulou, Theodora https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0853-1688
Papaellina, Clea
Constantinou, Demitri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3363-7695
Constantinou, Jason https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4840-6021
Phaswana, Merling https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5917-1619
Lichaba, Mamosilo https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0467-8658
Gradidge, Philippe https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5225-1184
Simamane, Mandisa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9187-3840
Torres, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0197-4718
Neophytou, Natalia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0085-2970
Nevhufumba, Elelwani D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5095-0184
Schwaab, Bernhard https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-1107
Mallen, José Antonio Casajús https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7215-6931
Halle, Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3065-530X
Duclos, Martine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7158-386X
Neunhaeuserer, Daniel
Ermolao, Andrea
Battista, Francesca https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0760-1354
Duregon, Federica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9033-1887
Motta-Pensabene, Julio
Koutedakis, Yiannis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7065-9447
Tepohl, Lena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8150-4707
Bloch, Wilhelm https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1786-8853
Pronk, Nicolaas P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5825-6733
Fischer, Anastasia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6911-8766
Pantoja-Arévalo, Lisset https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1469-1722
Cintrón, Ana V. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7592-5423
Adebero, Adewale S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3027-1138
Borresen, Jill https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5380-530X
Zwerver, Johannes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8499-2806
Ramos-Caballero, Diana M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2456-2959
Mancera-Soto, Erica M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6628-3846
Manonelles, Pedro
Tan, Benedict https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1762-849X
Burrowes, Ingrid
Ward, Carl
Quimby, Kim R.
Howitt, Christina
Landis, Robert Clive
Hauner, Hans https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1682-5088
Hiura, Mikio https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7598-7303
De La Cruz Lastre, Luz Divina https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9179-663X
Treff, Gunnar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5388-4282
Tsofliou, Fotini
Lazzoli, José Kawazoe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4242-8959
Kayıkçı, Umutcan
Ghrairi, Mourad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8143-1168
Onywera, Vincent https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3011-7750
Ojiambo, Robert
Sallis, Robert
Papamichalopoulos, Sophia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7654-4077
Zahar, Maher
Joisten, Christine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2455-8901
Wolfarth, Bernd
Rozenstoka, Sandra https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1957-3493
al Tunaiji, Hashel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-5251
Wason, Kiera https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7456-1998
Drummond, Felix https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8478-3828
Schobersberger, Wolfgang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5657-0307
Ööpik, Vahur https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2668-4757
Unt, Eve https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3416-0865
Jegier, Anna https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4737-2226
Doutreleau, Stéphane https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8816-0356
Han, Seung Hoon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3667-036X
Debatin, Jörg F.
Schumacher, Nils https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0188-0962
Sardinha, Luís B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6230-6027
Dienstbach-Wech, Lenka
Melekoğlu, Tuba https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9223-8849
Zeng, Sheng
Casasco, Maurizio
Howells, Kristy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-7532
Klinkisch, Eva-Maria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1207-7908
Bilzon, James
Heath, Gregory
Horstmann, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8981-5956
De Rose, Eduardo H.
Webborn, Nick
Braumann, Klaus-Michael
Jing, Li
Xu, Xiao
Moxley, Elizabeth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0929-4717
Zheng, Yi https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8429-2283
September, Alison V. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0950-286X
Collins, Malcolm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2564-0480
Andrieieva, Olena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2893-1224
Drozdovska, Svitlana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6211-5204
Nieß, Andreas Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6145-7069
Moe, Rikke Helene https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7601-5346
Knoke, Carolin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4907-4428
Zanuso, Silvano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8187-5815
Zanatta, Francesco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6995-4190
Všetíčková, Veronika https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3343-8922
Zormpas, Spyridon https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8964-0117
Giannaki, Christoforos D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0029-1189
Carson, Brian P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8350-1481
Herring, Matthew P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6835-5321
McCormack, Ciara https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4508-5522
Vecchiato, Marco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2395-4977
Yvert, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9451-9799
Korenjak, Makro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4024-677X
Billet, Benjamin https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7177-883X
Azevedo, Andréia Lópes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1010-4247
Constantini, Naama https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5480-0180
Loland, Sigmund https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1206-4098
Baggish, Aaron Leigh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2042-1489
Monteiro, Luis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6594-7885
Yazihan, Nuray https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1237-8468
Pitsiladis, Yannis P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6210-2449
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hong Kong Baptist University
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Article History
Accepted: 30 June 2026
First Online: 21 September 2026
Declarations
Conflicts of Interest: All authors declare that they have no financial competing interests related to the content of this article. Non-financial competing interests, including professional roles, affiliations, and leadership positions relevant to physical activity, sport, exercise, and health promotion, have been disclosed in accordance with the journal’s policy on competing interests. Willem van Mechelen is an Editorial Board member of Sports Medicine, but was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for this article or in any of the subsequent editorial decisions.
Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate: Not applicable.
Consent for Publication: Not applicable.
Availability of Data and Material: Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
Evidence Base and Scope: The evidence cited in this article reflects peer-reviewed literature selected to support key concepts relevant to precision prevention and the promotion of physical activity. While the article does not aim to provide an exhaustive or systematically weighted review of all available studies, references were chosen to reflect established findings, representative examples, and emerging evidence across multiple disciplines. The framework is intended to stimulate further context-sensitive empirical testing rather than to assert definitive causal claims.
Author Affiliation Statement: Given the international and multidisciplinary nature of this consortium, co-authorship should not be interpreted as indicating direct collaboration between all authors and all represented institutions. Author affiliations are provided solely to identify the institutional appointments of individual contributors.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization: Y.P., F.P., W.M., J.S. Framework development and coordination: Y.P., F.P., W.M., J.S. Writing – original draft: Y.P. Writing – review and editing: All authors; Methodological input and domain expertise: All authors; Visualization and figures: Y.P., F.P., J.S. Project administration: Y.P. Supervision: Y.P. All authors reviewed and approved the final version.
