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Authors
Guilfoyle, Lauren https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9514-8782
MacPherson, Alan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5456-3878
Cooper, Dale https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9815-956X
Crossley, Kay M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5892-129X
Donaldson, Amber T. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8057-4911
Elliott, Niall
Engebretsen, Lars https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2294-921X
Leclerc, Suzanne https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9691-0532
Post, Eric G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0268-0460
Ranson, Craig https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3783-0505
Schamasch, Patrick
Shroff, Malav
Schulz, Jenna M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9279-4076
Soligard, Torbjørn https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8863-4574
Thornton, Jane S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3519-7101
Wilkinson, Mike
Palmer, Debbie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4676-217X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
World Olympians Association
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Article History
Accepted: 2 July 2026
First Online: 23 July 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: LG holds funding from Sport Scotland, UK Sports Institute and the United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee. KMC is a senior advisor for BJSM and JST on the Editorial Board of BJSM. KMC is the project leader of the GLA:D, Australia, and holds research funding from Levin Health, the Australian Football League, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and the Medical Research Future Fund. JST is the IOC Director of Health, Medicine and Science. DP holds peer-reviewed funding from World Rugby, the IOC and Scottish Rugby Union. TS works as Scientific Manager for IOC Health, Medicine and Science and is Co-Editor of the BJSM IPHP issues. MW is the Chief Medical Officer and Head of Health and Wellbeing for the Canadian Olympic Committee. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethical approval: This study was performed in accordance with the standards of ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Edinburgh Napier University Ethics Committee (SAS/00011).
Consent to participate: A participant information sheet provided detailed study information, including confidentiality and data handling. Participants were notified they were consenting to their anonymous data being used in the study through the completion and submission of the survey.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Availability of data and material: The data that support the findings of this study are not openly available due to reasons of sensitivity and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Code availability: Not applicable.
Author contributions: LG, DP and AMP conceived the study. DP served as primary project administrator and acquired funding for this project which has led to this publication. DP, LE, MS, PS and TS developed the data collection tool (survey), study resources and were involved in data collection via survey recruitment. LG and DP conducted formal analysis and data curation. LG prepared/wrote the original draft(s). LG, AMP, DP, DC, KC, AD, NE, LE, SL, EP, CR, PS, JS, TS, JT and MW critically reviewed and contributed to editing drafts of the paper. All authors read and approved the final version.
