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Article History

Accepted: 12 December 2024

First Online: 11 January 2025

Declarations

:

: Internal funding (NYSPI) to J.T.K.

: There are no known conflicts that are directly relevant to this work. Dr. Kantrowitz has received consulting payments within the last 36 months from Alphasights, CME Outfitters, Evoke, S.R. One, techspert.io, Health Monitor, Third Bridge, MEDACorp, Marketplus, FCB Health, Trinity, Globaldata, GKA, Clearview, Clarivate, Health Advances, ECRI Institute, ExpertConnect, Slingshot, Antheum, Guidepoint, First Thought, Wedbush, VMLY&R, Bluestar BioAdvisors, Jefferies, Reckner, Medscape, SmartAnalyst, Putnam, Ascel, VoxNeuro, and Otsuka. He has served on the Medincell, Merck, Leal, and Karuna Advisory Boards in the past 36 months. He has conducted clinical research supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, Sunovion, Roche, Click, Neurocrine, Taisho, and Boehringer Ingelheim within the last 36 months. He owns a small number of shares of common stock from GSK. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

: Ethics approval was obtained under our IRB approved screening protocol, which includes a waiver of consent/documentation of consent for participants who are not screened in person. Our screening protocol is in accordance with the ethical standards of our institution and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

: Not applicable (not a clinical trial).

: Not applicable (no identifiable data).

: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: IBM® SPSS® Statistics version 29 was used for all analyses.

: Joohyun Yoon: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, and visualization. Megan R. Mayer: writing—review and editing. Tala Berro: writing—review and editing. Stephanie Brazis: investigation. Joshua Kantrowitz: conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, and supervision. All authors have read and approved the final submitted manuscript and agree to be accountable for the work.