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Article History

Accepted: 21 June 2026

First Online: 14 July 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: Amit Lalwani is affiliated with the University of Sydney. Jon Zdon is an employee of Novartis Australia Pty Ltd. Maaike Addicks is affiliated with Medical Affairs Solutions. Yacin Marzouki is affiliated with Biond Health. Densearn Seo is affiliated with Monash University and Gravida Health Pty Ltd. Orin Chisholm is affiliated with the University of Sydney. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest directly or indirectly related to the content of this manuscript. The views and opinions expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of their employers, affiliated institutions, professional societies, or sponsors. Any references to digital health technologies, AI, MA practices, or scientific approaches are presented for academic and professional discussion and should not be interpreted as representing organisational policy, regulatory guidance, or commercial endorsement. All author disclosures cover the three years preceding submission of this manuscript. Any earlier interests that could reasonably be perceived as influencing the submitted work have also been considered.

Ethics approval: Not applicable. This manuscript is a narrative review and does not report a clinical study involving human participants or animals.

Consent to participate: Not applicable. This manuscript is a narrative review and does not involve human participants.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain identifiable individual patient data, images, or case details.

Availability of data and material: Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Code availability: Not applicable. No custom code or software application was used for the conduct of this review.

Author contributions: Amit Lalwani conceptualised the manuscript, prepared the original draft, coordinated the revision process, and managed the project. Jon Zdon, Maaike Addicks, Yacin Marzouki, Densearn Seo, and Orin Chisholm contributed to the development, review, and critical revision of the manuscript. Orin Chisholm provided supervisory input. All authors contributed to manuscript refinement, reviewed and approved the final submitted version, and agree to be accountable for the work.

Use of AI tools: Generative AI tools were used to assist with language refinement, formatting, and editorial review during preparation of the manuscript. No AI tools were used to generate original scientific content, data analysis, data interpretation, or conclusions. All content was reviewed, verified, and approved by the authors, who take full responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the manuscript.