Tapela, Kesego
Opurum, Precious C.
Nuokpem, Franklin Y.
Tetteh, Becky
Siaw, Godfred K.
Humbert, Maria V.
Tawiah-Eshun, Sylvia
Barakisu, Anna Ibrahim
Asiedu, Kwame
Arhin, Samuel Kojo
Manu, Aaron A.
Appiedu-Addo, Sekyibea N. A.
Obbeng, Louisa
Quansah, Darius
Languon, Sylvester
Anyigba, Claudia
Dosoo, Daniel
Edu, Nelson K. O.
Oduro-Mensah, Daniel
Ampofo, William
Tagoe, Emmanuel
Quaye, Osbourne
Donkor, Irene Owusu
Akorli, Jewelna
Aniweh, Yaw
Christodoulides, Myron
Mutungi, Joe
Bediako, Yaw
Rayner, Julian C
Awandare, Gordon A
McCormick, Christopher J.
Quashie, Peter Kojo http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4114-5460
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-036307)
Article History
Accepted: 7 May 2023
First Online: 18 July 2023
Declarations
:
: This publication is based on research funded in part by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to PKQ (INV-036307) and in part by the Cambridge-Africa Alborada Research Fund-COVID-19 Emergency Award (G109329) to JR, PKQ and YB. KT is supported by WACCBIP-World Bank ACE Masters and PhD fellowships, respectively (WACCBIP+NCDs: Awandare), and WANIDA (West African Network of Infectious Diseases ACEs) doctoral scholarship (WAN100634R). This scholarship package is funded by the AFD, IRD and World Bank under the African Centers of Excellence (ACE) Partner Project. The findings and conclusions contained within are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the positions or policies of the Funders.
: Authors; KT, PCO, FYN, BT, GKS, MVH, ST, AIB, KA, SKA, AAM, SNAA, LO, DQ, SL, CA, DD, EKO, DO-M, WA, ET, OQ, IOD, JA, YA, MC, JM, JCR, GAA, YB, CJM and PKQ declare that they have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.
: The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
: Not applicable.
: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Board of the College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana (ECBAS 063/19-20), and the Ethical Review Committee of the Ghana Health Service (GHS-ERC 011/03/20). Additional formal written permissions were obtained from all collection sites. Participation was voluntary, and written informed consent was obtained from all the participants prior to enrolment.
: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
: Conceptualization: PKQ, YB, JR, GAA, MC and CM; methodology: PKQ, KT, FYN, DD, EKON and PCO; formal analysis: PKQ, KT, FYN and SL; investigation: KT, PCO, FYN, BT, GKS, MVH, ST, AIB, KA, SKA, AAM, PKQ, SNAAA, LO, DQ, SL, CA and JM; resources: PKQ, YB, JR, GAA, MC, YA and CM; writing – original draft preparation: PKQ, KT, BT, FYN and GKS; writing – review and editing: PKQ, JR, MC and CM; visualization: KT, BT, FYN and GKS; supervision: PKQ, YB, OQ and ET; funding acquisition: PKQ, JR, GAA and YB. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.