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Article History

Received: 5 May 2026

Accepted: 3 August 2026

First Online: 8 September 2026

Declarations

Funding: This work and the journal’s Open Access Charges were supported by Eli Lilly and Company.

Conflict of Interest: Chi-Yin Liao, Jincy John, Precious Anyanwu, Tyler Marquart, Francisco Sapunar, Aarti Chawla, and Lindsay A. Williams are employees and stockholders of Eli Lilly and Company. Manali A. Bhave reported a consulting/advisory/speaker role for AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, OncLive, Curio, Targeted Oncology, and Merck. Francois-Clement Bidard reported consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Roche, Tempus, Hengrui, Pfizer, and Relay TX; honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Pfizer, and Roche; research grants from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Natera, Novartis, Prolynx, SAGA Dx, Roche, and Personalis; and support for attending meetings from AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Eli Lilly and Company.

Ethics Approval: This study used de-identified data and was not considered human subjects research under the Common Rule; therefore, institutional review board approval was not required. Permission to access the database for this study was obtained from Flatiron Health.

Consent to Participate: Not applicable.

Consent for Publication: Not applicable.

Availability of Data and Material: The data used for the current study were provided by the Flatiron Health Research Database to Eli Lilly and Company. The data license agreement does not permit sharing of datasets with people external to the study team. Requests for data sharing by license or by permission for the specific purpose of replicating results in this article can be submitted to PublicationsDataAccess@flatiron.com.

Code Availability: Not applicable.

Author Contributions: All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship of this article. C-YL, JJ, AC, and LAW led the study conceptualization and design, and FS contributed to the study design. JJ and LAW contributed to data acquisition. All authors were involved in data interpretation. C-YL, PA, AC, and LAW contributed to drafting the manuscript. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content. The authors take full responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, have approved the final version for publication, and had full control over the content, including final decisions on all aspects of the publication.