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Article History

Received: 12 April 2022

Accepted: 4 July 2022

First Online: 2 August 2022

Declarations

:

: The current study used the secondary data from the South African National Income Dynamics Study (SA-NIDS) and did not receive funding. However, the original SA-NIDS surveys, were funded and undertaken by the South African Labour and Development Research Unit based at the School of Economics at the University of Cape Town.

: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

: HW, SN and JM prepared the concept sheet. HW, TR extracted database. HW, TR analysed the data. HW and CV prepared the first draft. All authors interpreted the results. All authors approved the final version.

: None declared.

: Approval for the primary study was granted by the Ethics Committee of the University of Cape Town. The current study is a secondary data analysis of an open access data set and does not require further ethical approval Provenance and peer review Not commissioned.

: The current study used the secondary, publicly available data from the five national community-based surveys. Therefore the study population were those who consented (written) to participate to these surveys.