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Article History

Received: 10 October 2023

Accepted: 22 December 2023

First Online: 29 January 2024

Declarations

:

: No funding was received for conducting this study.

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

: We used publicly available anonymized secondary data for analyses. The dataset used in this study meet the definition of National Institutes of Health (NIH) Exempt Human Subjects Research under the following exemption criteria: “Exemption 4: involves the collection/study of data or specimens if publicly available, or recorded such that subjects cannot be identified”, and ethics committee approval, therefore, was not required. The original survey protocol was approved by the institutional review boards of International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. The survey complied with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regulations for the protection of human subjects (45 CFR 46).

: Data used in this study is publicly available from the DHS Program website: , by registering for dataset access.

: Biplab Kumar Datta: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, writing–original draft. Benjamin E. Ansa: conceptualization, validation, writing—review and editing. Ashley Saucier: conceptualization, validation, writing—review and editing. Ajay Pandey: investigation, writing—review and editing. Mohammad Rifat Haider: conceptualization, validation, writing—review and editing. Racquel Puranda: investigation, writing—review and editing. Malika Adams: investigation, writing—review and editing. Janis Coffin: conceptualization, validation, writing—review and editing, supervision.