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Article History

Received: 2 December 2025

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 4 March 2026

Change Date: 18 March 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised for funding note added.

Declarations

:

: This article is a review and does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Therefore, ethical approval was not required.

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the authors. All cited studies are properly referenced and comply with ethical standards as reported by their respective authors.

: Maria Lorenza Muiesan has received honoraria/reimbursements for participation on advisory boards from Sandoz, AstraZeneca, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis and Daiichi-Sankyo; and travel grants from Menarini Italy and Servier. Aldo P. Maggioni has received personal fees unrelated to the present work for participating in study committees sponsored by AstraZeneca, Novartis, Sanofi and Bayer; and honoraria for participation on an advisory board from Neopharmed Gentili. Roberto Pontremoli has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Lilly, MSD, Organon, Novartis, Menarini, Bayer, NovoNordisk, Vifor and Recordati. Alberto Corsini has received research funding and/or honoraria from Amgen, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe, Amarin, DOC, MSD, Novartis, Recordati S.p.A., Sanofi and Viatris; and has received a grant from Sharper for writing a manuscript on combination therapy. Massimo Volpe has received honoraria for the speakers’ bureaus or advisory boards from Menarini Int, Servier, Sandoz, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Neopharmed Gentili and Novartis.