Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 5 November 2024

First Online: 20 November 2024

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

: This study utilized anonymized secondary data from the Parent–Child Survey on Children’s Life and Learning, provided by the SSJ Data Archive, Research Center for Social Surveys and Data Archives of the Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo, and originally conducted by the Benesse Educational Research and Development Institute.

: The data were fully anonymized, with no personal identifiers accessible to researchers, and participant consent was obtained in the primary data collection. Therefore, this secondary analysis was deemed exempt from additional ethics review. All procedures adhered to the ethical standards of the data usage policies of the SSJ Data Archive.

: Not applicable.