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Article History

Received: 9 December 2024

Revised: 10 June 2025

Accepted: 15 July 2025

First Online: 19 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing financial or non-financial interests that could influence the findings or interpretation of this study.

: This is an observational study conducted in a general teaching environment to evaluate educational techniques and outcomes. According to the regulations announced by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (2012), research of this nature qualifies for exemption from ethical review. Consequently, ethical approval was waived, and no formal review by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) was required. To ensure the protection of participants’ rights, informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection commenced. The informed consent process clearly communicated the purpose of the research, the scope of data collection, and the participants’ rights. Participants were assured that questionnaire responses would not influence their course grades, and all collected data were anonymized and used exclusively for academic research purposes. The study adhered to principles of transparency and fairness, ensuring that participants were treated equitably throughout the research process.